Shanxian Chemical
PRODUCTS
Dioctylamine
Shanxian Chemical
|
HS Code |
680417 |
| Chemical Formula | C16H35N |
| Molecular Weight | 241.46 |
| Appearance | Colorless to light yellow liquid |
| Odor | Ammonia - like odor |
| Density | 0.786 g/cm³ (at 20 °C) |
| Boiling Point | 290 - 296 °C |
| Melting Point | -6 °C |
| Flash Point | 135 °C |
| Solubility In Water | Insoluble |
| Solubility In Organic Solvents | Soluble in most organic solvents |
| Vapor Pressure | Very low vapor pressure |
| Stability | Stable under normal conditions |
| Corrosivity | Corrosive to some metals |
As an accredited Dioctylamine factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Dioctylamine packaged in 25 - kg drums for easy handling and storage. |
| Storage | Dioctylamine should be stored in a cool, well - ventilated area, away from heat sources and ignition points. Keep it in a tightly closed container to prevent vapor release. Store it separately from oxidizing agents, acids, and foodstuffs. Since it is harmful, ensure proper labeling for easy identification and to avoid accidental exposure. |
| Shipping | Dioctylamine, a chemical, is shipped in tightly - sealed, corrosion - resistant containers. Compliance with strict regulations for hazardous chemicals is ensured. Shipment is via approved carriers, with proper labeling and safety measures to prevent spills and ensure safe transport. |
Competitive Dioctylamine prices that fit your budget—flexible terms and customized quotes for every order.
For samples, pricing, or more information, please call us at +8615365186327 or mail to info@liwei-chem.com.
We will respond to you as soon as possible.
Tel: +8615365186327
Email: info@liwei-chem.com
Historical Development
Dioctylamine is an organic compound. It began in the process of chemical research. In the early years, various craftsmen dedicated themselves to organic synthesis, resulting in substances with unique properties. Dioctylamine has gradually entered the field of vision because of its special chemical properties.
At the beginning, the preparation method was not good, the yield was quite low, and the impurities were mixed. However, after generations of researchers' unremitting research, the process has become more and more exquisite. From crude method to precise synthesis, the yield has increased and the purity is also high.
In the industrial field, its use is gradually widening. Either as an auxiliary agent, or as a medium for specific reactions. The path of its development is the hard work of researchers, from the initial ignorance and exploration to the present day, witnessing the progress of chemical industry, and also demonstrating the perseverance and wisdom of human beings in studying matter.
At the beginning, the preparation method was not good, the yield was quite low, and the impurities were mixed. However, after generations of researchers' unremitting research, the process has become more and more exquisite. From crude method to precise synthesis, the yield has increased and the purity is also high.
In the industrial field, its use is gradually widening. Either as an auxiliary agent, or as a medium for specific reactions. The path of its development is the hard work of researchers, from the initial ignorance and exploration to the present day, witnessing the progress of chemical industry, and also demonstrating the perseverance and wisdom of human beings in studying matter.
Product Overview
"Overview of Dioctylamine Products"
Dioctylamine is also a chemical product. Its shape is often a liquid, its color is clear and the taste is special. In the field of chemical processing, the use is.
In the field of work, it can be used as a raw material for emulsification to help the formation of emulsions. It can also be used in the synthesis of many chemical compounds, which is an important part of the synthesis.
Its properties are determined, and under specific conditions, it can be more and more reactive. However, when using it, it is necessary to pay attention to safety. Because it may be irritated to the skin and respiratory tract. It is necessary to operate it, and safety must be observed to prevent accidents. In short, the status of Dioctylamine in chemical processing should not be ignored, and it should be promoted in many fields.
Dioctylamine is also a chemical product. Its shape is often a liquid, its color is clear and the taste is special. In the field of chemical processing, the use is.
In the field of work, it can be used as a raw material for emulsification to help the formation of emulsions. It can also be used in the synthesis of many chemical compounds, which is an important part of the synthesis.
Its properties are determined, and under specific conditions, it can be more and more reactive. However, when using it, it is necessary to pay attention to safety. Because it may be irritated to the skin and respiratory tract. It is necessary to operate it, and safety must be observed to prevent accidents. In short, the status of Dioctylamine in chemical processing should not be ignored, and it should be promoted in many fields.
Physical & Chemical Properties
"The Physical Properties of Dioctylamine"
Dioctylamine is also an organic compound. It is a colorless to yellowish transparent liquid with a special odor. Its boiling point is quite high, about 200 degrees, which allows it to maintain a liquid state at a specific temperature.
Looking at its solubility, it is slightly soluble in water, but it is easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ethers. This difference in solubility is due to the difference in its molecular structure and the forces between water and organic solvent molecules.
Chemically, it is alkaline and can neutralize and react with acids to form corresponding salts. This is because there are lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atom in its molecule, which can accept protons. Therefore, the physicality of Dioctylamine has important application value in many fields such as chemical industry and medicine.
Dioctylamine is also an organic compound. It is a colorless to yellowish transparent liquid with a special odor. Its boiling point is quite high, about 200 degrees, which allows it to maintain a liquid state at a specific temperature.
Looking at its solubility, it is slightly soluble in water, but it is easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ethers. This difference in solubility is due to the difference in its molecular structure and the forces between water and organic solvent molecules.
Chemically, it is alkaline and can neutralize and react with acids to form corresponding salts. This is because there are lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atom in its molecule, which can accept protons. Therefore, the physicality of Dioctylamine has important application value in many fields such as chemical industry and medicine.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
"Technical Specifications and Labeling of Dioctylamine (Product Parameters) "
Technical specifications and labeling of Dioctylamine products as described above. Its properties are colorless to yellowish transparent liquid with a special odor. Boiling point is about 295 ° C, density is 0.789 (20 ° C).
Its quality specifications, purity is not less than 98%, moisture content is less than or equal to 0.5%. On the label, the product name "Dioctylamine" should be stated, and the parameters such as content, production batch, date, etc. should be marked. The packaging should also be firm, with warning labels to inform that it has certain irritating properties, so as to comply with the technical specifications and labels to ensure product quality and safety.
Technical specifications and labeling of Dioctylamine products as described above. Its properties are colorless to yellowish transparent liquid with a special odor. Boiling point is about 295 ° C, density is 0.789 (20 ° C).
Its quality specifications, purity is not less than 98%, moisture content is less than or equal to 0.5%. On the label, the product name "Dioctylamine" should be stated, and the parameters such as content, production batch, date, etc. should be marked. The packaging should also be firm, with warning labels to inform that it has certain irritating properties, so as to comply with the technical specifications and labels to ensure product quality and safety.
Preparation Method
If you want to make a product of Dioctylamine, the first thing to know is its raw materials and production art. For raw materials, octanol and ammonia are often taken. The production art is to combine octanol and ammonia under specific conditions.
The reaction step is to first place octanol and ammonia in a certain ratio in a reactor. Appropriate temperature and pressure are added, and the catalyst is used to assist. This catalyst can speed up the reaction process and make it easier for the two to combine.
As for the mechanism of catalysis, the catalyst can reduce the activation energy of the reaction, making the molecule more easily activated and phase combined. In this way, octanol and ammonia react to obtain Dioctylamine. After subsequent purification and other processes, a pure product can be obtained to meet all requirements.
The reaction step is to first place octanol and ammonia in a certain ratio in a reactor. Appropriate temperature and pressure are added, and the catalyst is used to assist. This catalyst can speed up the reaction process and make it easier for the two to combine.
As for the mechanism of catalysis, the catalyst can reduce the activation energy of the reaction, making the molecule more easily activated and phase combined. In this way, octanol and ammonia react to obtain Dioctylamine. After subsequent purification and other processes, a pure product can be obtained to meet all requirements.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
Dioctylamine is an organic compound. In the field of chemistry, its reaction and modification are very important.
It can react with acids to form salts, which is a common reaction of amines. And because of its long-chain alkyl group in the molecular structure, it has unique physical and chemical properties. To change its properties, other functional groups can be introduced into the molecule. For example, with appropriate reagents, it can react with halogenated hydrocarbons, or new groups can be introduced, causing its solubility and reactivity to change.
Or it can react with aldose and ketone, and through condensation and other steps, new compounds can be obtained, expanding the scope of its application. This is the way for chemistry students to explore the reaction and modification of Dioctylamine.
It can react with acids to form salts, which is a common reaction of amines. And because of its long-chain alkyl group in the molecular structure, it has unique physical and chemical properties. To change its properties, other functional groups can be introduced into the molecule. For example, with appropriate reagents, it can react with halogenated hydrocarbons, or new groups can be introduced, causing its solubility and reactivity to change.
Or it can react with aldose and ketone, and through condensation and other steps, new compounds can be obtained, expanding the scope of its application. This is the way for chemistry students to explore the reaction and modification of Dioctylamine.
Synonyms & Product Names
The same name and trade name of "Dioctylamine"
Dioctylamine is also a chemical substance. In the industry, it has the same name and trade name. The ancient books of the past, or "Dioctylamine", are named after the composition of its molecular structure, and the octylamine is connected, so it is called this. There are also those who are famous for their characteristics, such as "Dioctylamine", which also shows the sign of its structure Dioctylamine.
In the market, there are also many trade names. Some are named "Refined Dioctylamine" because of the unique production process, to show its pure quality. There are also trade names, such as "XX Brand Dioctylamine", to recognize the uniqueness of their brand. These are all for the convenience of identification and trade, and each has its own use. Although the names are different, they all refer to the substance Dioctylamine.
Dioctylamine is also a chemical substance. In the industry, it has the same name and trade name. The ancient books of the past, or "Dioctylamine", are named after the composition of its molecular structure, and the octylamine is connected, so it is called this. There are also those who are famous for their characteristics, such as "Dioctylamine", which also shows the sign of its structure Dioctylamine.
In the market, there are also many trade names. Some are named "Refined Dioctylamine" because of the unique production process, to show its pure quality. There are also trade names, such as "XX Brand Dioctylamine", to recognize the uniqueness of their brand. These are all for the convenience of identification and trade, and each has its own use. Although the names are different, they all refer to the substance Dioctylamine.
Safety & Operational Standards
"Dioctylamine Product Safety and Operation Specifications"
Dioctylamine is also a chemical product. Its properties and conditions should be known in detail to ensure safety.
In storage regulations, it should be placed in a cool, dry and well ventilated place. Keep away from fire and heat sources, and must not be mixed with oxidants, acids, etc., to prevent accidental changes. Storage temperature should not be too high to avoid danger.
When operating, it is necessary to strictly abide by the procedures. Operators should be professionally trained, familiar with the essentials of operation, and adhere to a rigorous state. Good ventilation is required in the operation room to dissipate gas. If you come into contact with this object, you should prepare protective equipment, such as wearing chemical safety glasses to prevent damage to your eyes; wear protective clothing to protect your skin; wear rubber gloves to avoid touching your skin.
If you accidentally come into contact with Dioctylamine during operation and your eyes touch it, you should immediately rinse it with a large amount of flowing water, and then seek medical attention; if you come into contact with your skin, rinse it with a large amount of water, then wash it with soap, and seek medical attention if necessary. If you inhale its gas, quickly move it to a place with fresh air to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. If you have breathing difficulties, you should give oxygen, and if you stop breathing, take artificial respiration and seek medical attention.
When disposing of Dioctylamine waste, you must also follow regulations and do not discard it at will to prevent pollution to the environment. This way, we can ensure safe operation and a safe environment for both people and the environment.
Dioctylamine is also a chemical product. Its properties and conditions should be known in detail to ensure safety.
In storage regulations, it should be placed in a cool, dry and well ventilated place. Keep away from fire and heat sources, and must not be mixed with oxidants, acids, etc., to prevent accidental changes. Storage temperature should not be too high to avoid danger.
When operating, it is necessary to strictly abide by the procedures. Operators should be professionally trained, familiar with the essentials of operation, and adhere to a rigorous state. Good ventilation is required in the operation room to dissipate gas. If you come into contact with this object, you should prepare protective equipment, such as wearing chemical safety glasses to prevent damage to your eyes; wear protective clothing to protect your skin; wear rubber gloves to avoid touching your skin.
If you accidentally come into contact with Dioctylamine during operation and your eyes touch it, you should immediately rinse it with a large amount of flowing water, and then seek medical attention; if you come into contact with your skin, rinse it with a large amount of water, then wash it with soap, and seek medical attention if necessary. If you inhale its gas, quickly move it to a place with fresh air to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. If you have breathing difficulties, you should give oxygen, and if you stop breathing, take artificial respiration and seek medical attention.
When disposing of Dioctylamine waste, you must also follow regulations and do not discard it at will to prevent pollution to the environment. This way, we can ensure safe operation and a safe environment for both people and the environment.
Application Area
Dioctylamine is an important chemical product. It is widely used and can be used in various fields. In the dyeing and weaving industry, it can help uniform the dye, make the color uniform and bright, and make the fabric radiant. In the making of rubber, it can be used as a vulcanization aid to increase the strength and toughness of the rubber, and it is very durable. In the petrochemical industry, it can be used as a corrosion inhibitor to protect the equipment against rust and corrosion, so as to ensure its smooth flow. And in the pharmaceutical industry, it also has its function as a synthetic aid, promoting the smooth reaction, and assisting in the refining of drugs. All these show that Dioctylamine is indispensable in all aspects of the industry, and its power is great.
Research & Development
Taste the way of chemical industry, changing with each passing day, and all kinds of products have their own uses. Today there is Dioctylamine, which is really the important thing in chemical industry.
We have been researching it for years, examining its properties in detail and studying its reasons. At the beginning, it was not easy to get, and the preparation method was difficult. However, everyone worked together, worked tirelessly, and gradually got the essentials. With new techniques, the output is increasing day by day, and the quality is also good.
Looking at its uses, it is quite extensive. In all kinds of industries, it can help. Or as a reaction aid, or as a special preparation. We are still thinking about its new use, hoping to open up a wider field. In the future, we must continue to forge ahead to promote the research and development of Dioctylamine, contribute to the chemical industry, and benefit the world.
We have been researching it for years, examining its properties in detail and studying its reasons. At the beginning, it was not easy to get, and the preparation method was difficult. However, everyone worked together, worked tirelessly, and gradually got the essentials. With new techniques, the output is increasing day by day, and the quality is also good.
Looking at its uses, it is quite extensive. In all kinds of industries, it can help. Or as a reaction aid, or as a special preparation. We are still thinking about its new use, hoping to open up a wider field. In the future, we must continue to forge ahead to promote the research and development of Dioctylamine, contribute to the chemical industry, and benefit the world.
Toxicity Research
The chemical industry is related to people's livelihood, but the investigation of poisons in it cannot be ignored. Today's research on Dioctylamine, the investigation of its toxicity is a top priority.
Dioctylamine, although it may have its uses in various industries, its toxicity is a risk that cannot be ignored. Taste all kinds of life and effect, see its entry into the body, or disturb the order of physiology. In light cases, it causes skin discomfort, itching, redness and swelling; in severe cases, it damages the organs and endangers life.
And the pungent smell of its breath, if it is around for a long time, the airway and lungs are harmed. Or cause coughing and asthma, or even difficulty breathing. Therefore, its use should also be cautious, and the protection policy should not be slack. It is the responsibility of chemical research and practitioners to keep workers away from its harm and the environment from its pollution.
Dioctylamine, although it may have its uses in various industries, its toxicity is a risk that cannot be ignored. Taste all kinds of life and effect, see its entry into the body, or disturb the order of physiology. In light cases, it causes skin discomfort, itching, redness and swelling; in severe cases, it damages the organs and endangers life.
And the pungent smell of its breath, if it is around for a long time, the airway and lungs are harmed. Or cause coughing and asthma, or even difficulty breathing. Therefore, its use should also be cautious, and the protection policy should not be slack. It is the responsibility of chemical research and practitioners to keep workers away from its harm and the environment from its pollution.
Future Prospects
Nowadays, Dioctylamine has extraordinary properties and a wide range of uses. In the field of chemical industry, it can be used as emulsifier, flotation agent, etc., and its effectiveness is significant.
Our generation looks to the future, and its development potential is endless. With the advance of science and technology, the higher the requirements for material properties, Dioctylamine may emerge in the research and development of new materials due to its unique chemistry. And the voice of environmental protection is getting louder. If it can make breakthroughs in green synthesis and sustainable application, it will open up a new world.
Furthermore, with the globalization of industry, its market demand is expected to increase. If we can improve the production process, reduce costs and increase efficiency, and improve quality, we will shine on the international stage, lead the new trend in the chemical industry, and contribute to the future development. The future is bright.
Our generation looks to the future, and its development potential is endless. With the advance of science and technology, the higher the requirements for material properties, Dioctylamine may emerge in the research and development of new materials due to its unique chemistry. And the voice of environmental protection is getting louder. If it can make breakthroughs in green synthesis and sustainable application, it will open up a new world.
Furthermore, with the globalization of industry, its market demand is expected to increase. If we can improve the production process, reduce costs and increase efficiency, and improve quality, we will shine on the international stage, lead the new trend in the chemical industry, and contribute to the future development. The future is bright.
Where to Buy Dioctylamine in China?
As a trusted Dioctylamine manufacturer, we deliver:
Factory-Direct Value: Competitive pricing with no middleman markups, tailored for bulk orders and project-scale requirements.
Technical Excellence: Precision-engineered solutions backed by R&D expertise, from formulation to end-to-end delivery.
Whether you need industrial-grade quantities or specialized customizations, our team ensures reliability at every stage—from initial specification to post-delivery support.
As a leading Dioctylamine supplier, we deliver high-quality products across diverse grades to meet evolving needs, empowering global customers with safe, efficient, and compliant chemical solutions.
What are the main uses of dioctylamine?
Dioctylamine (Dioctylamine) has various uses. In the field of chemical industry, it is often an important raw material and intermediate.
In the process of organic synthesis, diheptylamine can participate in many reactions. If it interacts with acid anhydride or acyl halide, amide compounds can be prepared. Such amides can be used as plasticizers, stabilizers, etc. in coatings, plastics and rubber industries to improve the properties of materials. Make the material flexible and durable. If it is a good workmanship in ancient times, it will make the utensil strong.
It can also be traced in the preparation of surfactants. Diheptylamine can be converted into cationic surfactants, which have good emulsification, dispersion and antistatic properties. In the daily chemical, textile and other industries, it is often used as an emulsifier to help oil and water mix into a uniform and stable emulsion, just like the state of water emulsion blending. In the textile industry, it can make the fabric soft and smooth, and prevent static electricity disturbance. The ancient weaver is good at silk strands and makes the cloth smooth.
Furthermore, in the petroleum industry, diheptylamine also has its uses. It can be used as a corrosion inhibitor to protect metal equipment from corrosion. Like the ancient casting tool, it is protected by good methods to keep it intact for a long time. Due to the environment of oil exploration and refining, there are many corrosive media, diheptylamine can form a protective film on the metal surface to resist the invasion of corrosion and ensure the long-term operation of equipment.
In the field of pharmaceutical and chemical engineering, or involved in diheptylamine. Although it is not a common choice for the main drug, in some drug synthesis steps, it can be an auxiliary reagent to help the reaction go smoothly, just like a doctor manufacturing a drug, all kinds of auxiliary materials are used to make the drug effective.
What are the physical properties of Dioctylamine?
Dioctylamine (Dioctylamine) has several physical properties. Looking at its properties, it is a colorless to light yellow liquid under normal conditions. Its color is pure and has a specific odor, which can be known by smell.
When it comes to density, it is about 0.789g/cm ³. This value is constant and can be verified between weights and measures. Its boiling point is quite high, about 294-296 ° C. At this high temperature, it begins to boil and gasify. The melting point is low, about -6 ° C, and it drops to Swan, but it condenses into a solid state.
Solubility is also its important physical property. Diheptylamine is slightly soluble in water, and water is the softest in the world. However, diheptylamine is difficult to melt with it and is only slightly soluble. However, in organic solvents such as alcohols and ethers, it is easily soluble. The properties of alcohol ethers are in agreement with diheptylamine, so they can dissolve seamlessly.
In terms of volatility, it is relatively weak, and it is not easy to evaporate rapidly at room temperature. The cover is also due to the intermolecular force. Its vapor pressure is low, making it difficult to form high-concentration steam in air.
In addition, the refractive index of diheptylamine also has a specific value, about 1.448-1.452. When light passes through, the refraction state is apparent according to this number. This is an important parameter in optical research and related applications. All these physical properties are the key to understanding diheptylamine, which is used in the fields of chemical industry and scientific research.
What should be paid attention to when storing dioctylamine?
Dioctylamine (Dioctylamine) is also a chemical substance. When storing, many matters must not be ignored.
The first to bear the brunt, it should be placed in a cool and ventilated place. This is due to its nature, it is prone to change due to heat, and in high temperatures, it may cause changes in properties, or even cause danger. If it is fumigated in the heat of summer, it may cause unexpected changes.
Furthermore, it needs to be tightly sealed. Dioctylamine is easy to come into contact with various objects in the air, and sealing can prevent it from mixing with external objects to maintain its authenticity. If it is not carefully sealed, it will be invaded by air or cause quality damage.
Again, the place of storage should be kept away from fire and heat sources. Diheptylamine may be flammable, but it is dangerous near fire. If there is a slight carelessness, it will start a prairie fire, causing disaster to the neighbors and causing disaster quickly.
In addition, the storage place should also be separated from oxidizing agents, acids and other substances. When this number is encountered with diheptylamine, it is easy to cause severe reactions, and even the risk of explosion, endangering the storage and the safety of the surrounding area.
And the storage place needs to be equipped with suitable equipment to contain leaks. If there is any omission, it can be collected quickly to prevent it from being scattered, contaminated and other things, and the legacy is endless. Only by paying attention to such things can the storage of diheptylamine be kept safe and it can be used safely.
What is the production method of Dioctylamine?
The preparation method of dioctylamine (Dioctylamine) is an important task in chemical synthesis. Its traditional preparation path often uses octanoic acid and ammonia as starting materials and undergoes a condensation reaction. This reaction needs to be carried out under the conditions of high temperature and the presence of a catalyst. Specifically, octanoic acid and ammonia are in a specific reactor, and under the action of a catalyst such as a metal oxide, high temperature prompts the condensation of the two to gradually form dioctylamine.
Another preparation method is to use heptanol and ammonia as raw materials. Heptanol reacts with ammonia at a suitable temperature, pressure and catalyst environment. In this process, the hydroxyl group of heptanol is reacted and converted to combine with ammonia to form diheptanoamine. The catalysts used are mostly those with good catalytic activity for the reaction of alcohol and ammonia to help the reaction proceed efficiently.
Furthermore, it can also be prepared by the reaction of haloheptane and ammonia. Haloheptane undergoes nucleophilic substitution reaction with ammonia in an alkaline environment, and the halogen atom is replaced by an amino group to generate diheptylamine. During the reaction, factors such as alkaline conditions and temperature need to be carefully controlled to ensure the smooth reaction and the purity of the product.
The above production methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. The cost of raw materials, the difficulty of reaction conditions, and the purity of the product are all key considerations. In actual production, it is necessary to carefully choose the appropriate preparation method according to specific needs and conditions in order to achieve efficient, economical and environmentally friendly production purposes.
What are the effects of dioctylamine on the environment?
Dioctylamine (Dioctylamine), its impact on the environment is an important matter that cannot be ignored. If dioctylamine enters the natural environment, it will be the first to bear the brunt, or the aquatic ecology. It has certain toxicity. If it is accidentally released into rivers, lakes and seas, all organisms in the water, from planktonic microalgae to fish and shrimp aquariums, may suffer from it. Microalgae are the foundation of the aquatic food chain. Dioctylamine may inhibit its growth and reproduction, causing damage to the beginning of the food chain, layer by layer, and endangering the entire aquatic ecological balance.
In the soil environment, if dioctylamine infiltrates the soil, or changes the soil physicochemical properties, it will affect the community structure and function of soil microorganisms. Microorganisms are crucial to soil material circulation and nutrient conversion. The disturbance of diheptylamine can reduce soil fertility, implicate plant growth, or reduce crop yield and vegetation degradation.
And diheptylamine is volatile and scattered in the atmosphere, which will affect air quality. If people are exposed to air containing diheptylamine, it can cause respiratory discomfort, and cause serious damage to the nervous system, liver and kidney and other organs. In the long run, it poses a great threat to the health of the regional population. In addition, it degrades slowly in the environment, or remains for a long time, and continues to harm the surrounding ecology. Therefore, the use and discharge of diheptylamine should be strictly regulated to prevent it from causing serious harm to the environment.
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