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Hydrogen Bonds vs Covalent Bonds
The difference between hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds, which are two kinds of chemical bonds, but have very different characteristics.
Covalent bonds, atoms are formed by shared electron pairs. This shared electron closely maintains the atom and constitutes a stable structure. The electron cloud is evenly distributed between the bonding atoms, such as hydrogen molecules ($H_2 $). Two hydrogen atoms each produce one electron, which is a pair, so as to form a covalent bond, causing hydrogen molecules to exist stably. The force of covalent bonds is strong, and it requires great energy to break it. And it has directivity and saturation, depending on the distribution of electrons in the outer layer of the atom and the overlap of the orbitals. The direction and number of bonds are determined.
In contrast, a hydrogen bond is a weak interaction between a hydrogen atom and an atom with a large electronegativity and a small radius (such as fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen) after being covalently bonded, and another atom with a large electronegativity. For example, in water, hydrogen forms a covalent bond with oxygen, and the weak positive charge of hydrogen attracts the lone pair of electrons of the adjacent water molecule oxygen, which is called a hydrogen bond. The force of hydrogen bonds is weaker than that of covalent bonds, and it is easily broken by thermal motion or external force. It is also directional. Hydrogen tends to be arranged in a straight line with two electronegative atoms, but there is no strict saturation. One hydrogen atom can weakly interact with multiple electronegative atoms.
In summary, the covalent bond is a strong bond shared by strong electron pairs, which has a clear orientation and saturation; the hydrogen bond is formed by the weak interaction between hydrogen and electronegative atoms, with weak force and directivity, but slightly less saturation. The characteristics of the two are different, and the influence on the structure and properties of matter is very different. To understand the differences is to understand the chemical phenomenon and the characteristics of matter.
Hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds, which are two kinds of chemical bonds, but have very different characteristics.
Covalent bonds, atoms are formed by shared electron pairs. This shared electron closely maintains the atom and constitutes a stable structure. The electron cloud is evenly distributed between the bonding atoms, such as hydrogen molecules ($H_2 $). Two hydrogen atoms each produce one electron, which is a pair, so as to form a covalent bond, causing hydrogen molecules to exist stably. The force of covalent bonds is strong, and it requires great energy to break it. And it has directivity and saturation, depending on the distribution of electrons in the outer layer of the atom and the overlap of the orbitals. The direction and number of bonds are determined.
In contrast, a hydrogen bond is a weak interaction between a hydrogen atom and an atom with a large electronegativity and a small radius (such as fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen) after being covalently bonded, and another atom with a large electronegativity. For example, in water, hydrogen forms a covalent bond with oxygen, and the weak positive charge of hydrogen attracts the lone pair of electrons of the adjacent water molecule oxygen, which is called a hydrogen bond. The force of hydrogen bonds is weaker than that of covalent bonds, and it is easily broken by thermal motion or external force. It is also directional. Hydrogen tends to be arranged in a straight line with two electronegative atoms, but there is no strict saturation. One hydrogen atom can weakly interact with multiple electronegative atoms.
In summary, the covalent bond is a strong bond shared by strong electron pairs, which has a clear orientation and saturation; the hydrogen bond is formed by the weak interaction between hydrogen and electronegative atoms, with weak force and directivity, but slightly less saturation. The characteristics of the two are different, and the influence on the structure and properties of matter is very different. To understand the differences is to understand the chemical phenomenon and the characteristics of matter.
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